Contract tender process in the work environment Essay

Contract tender process in the work environment - Essay Example It is interesting that computer crime is compared with the crime of serial killing, but computer criminals are more subtle, erratic and evasive. Therefore, it requires serious anti-computer crime control mechanisms to check this devastating crime that has defrauded corporations, societies and individuals to the tune of millions of dollars each year. One issue that has become a disturbing phenomenon to corporate stakeholders, as well as business management process decision-makers and leaders of communities is computer crime. But the impact of this modern-day problem is mainly felt in the corporate world, where organizations stand to potentially lose millions of dollars a year. For the fact that computers are becoming household commodities, and Internet access is ubiquitous and cheap, there is no end to the threats from what is termed the computer criminal. This report would investigate the sources of computer crime, its trend now, the losses it causes many corporate entities, and some of the criminal types behind the ever increasing range of scams. Relevant literature from peer-reviewed sources would be explored in order to elicit vital information about how computer crime has developed to ravage our societies. Findings from these scholastic sources are highlighted and discussed with the view of offering recommendations about the appropriate ways to tackle the endemic problem of computer crime. Experts dealing with this major problem have attempted to give specific definitions of what is a computer crime. This has been made more difficult by the crime type evolution, the fact that over the years, this kind of crime has developed into several interwoven forms comprising all crime types involving the use of computers. It has also been discovered that computer crime is a crime that could be categorized as white-collar: for a computer

LEGAL ASPECTS OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

LEGAL ASPECTS OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Licenses are valid for a particular period of time after which carrying out the business will be considered illegal. The licensee should periodically renew the license for them to continue being in operation. A restaurant license allows the prospective restaurateurs to operate within a certain locality; without the license, the business can be fined or closed down altogether(Knezevic and Assaf 392). Requirements for licenses and permits vary from state to state; the most common requirements include employer identification license, business license, foods and establishments permit, liquor license, and local permits. The Role of Small Business Administration in Restaurant Licensing The enactment of the Small Business Investment Act of 1958 officially allowed Small Business Administration to license Small Business Investment Companies (SBIC) to help in managing and financing businesses in the United State of America (Pizam 23). The SBA’s Small Business Investment Companies progra m is still live and active and continues to license small businesses across the United States. Despite the criticisms, the Small Business Administration has greatly assisted small businesses to make steps in their development processes. Small Business Administration provides extensive information and links regarding obtaining a business license. Restaurant applicants can also check with their local government with their state offices for specific regulations; the SBA website provides all state licensing divisions to enable prospective restaurants with easy license (Sherry 54). Among the information contained in the SBA website include federal licenses and permits, state licenses and permits and tools that can help businesses to determine the types of licenses they need for particular types of business. Types of Licenses Necessary for Restaurant Operators in the USA Employer Identification Number Restaurant businesses require several employees to serve their customers. The servers ne ed to operate within the purview of law in order to avoid legal liabilities. This necessitates restaurant owners to have Employer Identification Numbers (EIN). Employer Identification Numbers are essential to the government and the International Reporting Standards for proper business identification and appropriate collection of taxes (Sherry 57). The government is supposed to collect taxes from the restaurants operators, business partners, and employees. The Employer Identification Number is issued within a particular state. Restaurant operators can apply for state EIN by mail, online or fax. The online application is accessed through visiting the IRS website. The period between application and issuance is usually between two and five weeks. Business license Operating a restaurant requires the owners to be in possession of the business license. The business licenses are state-regulated and they allow restaurant operators to run businesses within specified jurisdictions. The restaur ant that carry out any type of activities that the federal government monitor and regulate are required to have a federal business license. Federally monitored and regulated activities include sale of alcohol and transport of plant and animal products. The primary purpose of business licensing is to help the government control and monitor businesses in the states in order to avoid sprouting of illegal businesses (Baum 21). The restaurants must operate within the licensed activities, otherwise the operators will be

Security Issues Concerned With E Commerce Information Technology Essay

Security Issues Concerned With E Commerce Information Technology Essay Rapid advancements in technology is allowing everyone to send and receive information from anywhere in the world. Initially people used to share information but slowly this technology started emerging to business areas such as marketing, buying and selling, is called E-commerce. In which all the business transactions are made online. E-commerce is providing many comforts to everyone at the same time there is a chance of misusing the technology. In this essay, E-commerce is discussed in detail about the security issues associated with that. Familiarity with securities increases the benefits of E-commerce to a maximum extent.   INTRODUCTION E-commerce is a type of business model for a small or larger business that enables a firm or individual to conduct business using electronic media such as internet. It can be divided into four major areas based on type of business and the parties involved in business. They are business to business, business to consumer, consumer to consumer and consumer to business. This essay explains about E-commerce, importance of E-commerce, latest applications, advantages and draw backs. This is also explains in detail about current security issues, E-commerce threats, risks and privacy issues related to various areas of e commerce. IMPORTANCE OF E-COMMERCE: In e-commerce, time plays a vital role in both the businesses and consumers. From the business point of view, with less time spent during each transaction, more transaction can be attained on the same day. As for the consumer, they will save up more time during their transaction. Because of this, Ecommerce steps in and replaced the traditional commerce method where a single transaction can cost both parties a lot of valuable time. For example, a banking transaction can be completed through the Internet within a few minutes compared to the traditional banking method which may take up to hours. This fact clearly proves that Ecommerce is beneficial to both business and consumer wise as payment and documentations can be completed with greater efficiency. APPLICATIONS OF E-COMMERCE: Now a days development of E-commerce applications is taking place rapidly. This is mainly due to the increased  number of internet users  and awareness of technology in people. Many people using internet to shop online, make bills payment and  money transfers  etc. ADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERCE APPLICATIONS: People paying more attention to do electronic transaction using internet because, they can do these from any place in the world at any time they wish. This is saving lot of time and effort and providing comfort.   The other important advantage of e commerce is the cheapest means of doing business. From the buyers perspective also ecommerce offers a lot of real advantages. Reduction in buyers sorting out time. Better buyer decisions Less time is spent in resolving invoice and order discrepancies. Increased opportunities for buying alternative products. DIS ADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERCE: However there are several benefits of E-commerce applications, there are few limitations and risks involved in using those applications. The main disadvantage of E-commerce is the lack of a business model, lack of trust and key public infrastructure, slow navigation on the Internet, the high risk of buying unsatisfactory products, and most of all lack of security. It has a great impact on traditional business system. For example,  telephone bill payment  in traditional method was expensive and time consuming than the recent online payment. Of course, the recent online payment system is cost effective but, cant provide employment in the transportation system like traditional payment method. So the major disadvantage of E-commerce applications is, it perpetuates unemployment. In some way it can provide employment to few people like  data base administrator,  internet security providers  etc. where as privacy, security, payment, identity, contract comes under drawbacks of the e- commerce. SECURITY ISSUES CONCERNED WITH E-COMMERCE: In spite of its advantages and limitations E-commerce has got some security issues in practical. E-commerce  security is nothing but preventing loss and protecting the areas financially and informational from unauthorized access, use or destruction.   Due the rapid developments in science and technology, risks involved in use of technology and the security measures to avoid the organizational and individual losses are changing day to day.  Ã‚  There are two types of important cryptography we follow for secured E-commerce transactions. Symmetric (private-key) cryptography:  This is an  encryption system  in which sender and receiver possess the same key. The key used to encrypt a message is also used to decrypt the encrypted message from the sender. Asymmetric (public-key) cryptography:  Ã‚  In this method the actual message is encoded and decoded using two different mathematically related keys, one of them is called public key and the other is called private key. To provide the maximum security using cryptography we target the following five areas: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Integrity 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non-repudiation 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Authenticity 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confidentiality 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Privacy INTEGRITY: Integrity is nothing but message must not be altered or tampered with. There are several chances for damage of  data integrity  in the E-commerce area. Errors could take place when entering data manually. Errors may occur when data is being transmitted from one computer to another. Data could be modified or theft because of software  bugs  or  viruses. Data could be lost due to the unexpected hardware damages like server or disk crashes. There is possibility of data loss due to the  natural disasters  like  fire accidents. There are many ways to minimize these threats to data integrity. We can maintain the  Back up  of our data efficiently by updating regularly.  Ã‚  Modern technology provides us various security mechanisms to controlling access to data.  Ã‚  We can improve the data integrity through designing  user interfaces  that prevent the input of invalid data, for example menu driven applications which allow user to choose particular they are looking for.  Ã‚  We can use the  error detection  and correction software when transmitting data to develop integrity.   NONREPUDIATION: Prevention against any one party from reneging on an agreement after the fact.  For E-commerce and other electronic transactions, including ATMs (cash machines), all parties to a transaction must be confident that the transaction is secure; that the parties are who they say they are (authentication), and that the transaction is verified as final. Systems must ensure that a party cannot subsequently repudiate (reject) a transaction. To protect and ensure digital trust, the parties to such systems may employ  Digital Signatures, which will not only validate the sender, but will also time stamp the transaction, so it cannot be claimed subsequently that the transaction was not authorized or not valid etc. AUTHENTICATION: In E-commerce, authentication is a process through seller validates the information provided by the buyer like credit card information. In this  process verification of both the cardholders identity and the payment cards details are checked. In E-commerce transactions sellers must be very careful and responsible to provide good payment authentication services. A well developed and implemented transaction authentication process will decrease the number of customer disputes and charged-back transactions. If the E-commerce website do not have the good authentication system could lead a great loss of both data and money.     CONFIDENTIALITY: Confidentiality is protecting our data from unauthorized users. That means whatever the data or information shared by the merchant and the customers should be accessed by those two parties only. No other should be able to access such data. To maximize the confidentiality we must follow good  encryption and decryption methods, proper authentication and authorization procedures. We must use good antivirus or software error detections system. PRIVACY: Privacy is a major concern in E-commerce area which tells the E-commerce user how long his or her personal information is going to be stored in web site owners database, how safely they delete such personal information and what are the legal actions will be taken if the ecommerce website is misused. In online transactions, the website owner or service provider will have the ability to keep a record of all the purchases made by a consumer. Each E-commerce website has its own privacy policy, as per the needs of the organization.  Ã‚  So the customers must go through the privacy policy before they utilize E-commerce website for online shopping. Otherwise the customers have to phase big problem as the seller has the legal rights to take an action on customer for misusing their website. To get rid of this problem now a days we are able to use many tools like filtering website with low privacy ratings In the e-commerce security, some of the issues to be considered in this issue they are digital signatures, certificates, secure socket layers, firewalls. I will explain each and every concept with detail explanation. Digital signature is an electronic signature that can be used to authenticate the identity of the sender of a message or the signer of a document, and possibly to ensure that the original content of the message or document that has been sent is unchanged. A digital signature can be used with any kind of message, whether it is encrypted  or not, simply so that the receiver can be sure of the senders identity and that the message arrived intact. Digital certificate is an electronic credit card that establishes your credentials when doing business or other transactions on the Web. It is issued by a certification authority (CA). It contains your name, a serial number, expiration dates, a copy of the certificate holders  public key  (used for encrypting messages and  digital signatures), and the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that a recipient can verify that the certificate is real. Some digital certificates conform to a standard, X.509. Digital certificates can be kept in registries so that authenticating users can look up other users public keys. In Security socket layer, Information sent over the Internet commonly uses the set of rules called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol). The information is broken into packets, numbered sequentially, and an error control attached. SSL uses PKI and digital certificates to ensure privacy and authentication. The procedure is something like this: the client sends a message to the server, which replies with a digital certificate. Using PKI, server and client agree to create session keys, which are symmetrical secret keys specially created for that particular transmission. Once the session keys are agreed, communication continues with these session keys and the digital certificates. Some of the protecting networks are fire wall and proxy servers. Fire wall is to protect a server, a network and an individual PC from attack by viruses and hackers. Equally important is protection from malice or carelessness within the system, and many companies use the Kerberos protocol, which uses symmetric secret key cryptography to restrict access to authorized employees where as proxy servers (proxies) is a  server  (a computer system or an application program) that acts as a go-between for requests from  clients  seeking resources from other servers. A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource, available from a different server. E-COMMERCE SECURITY THREATS: However we follow security measures, there are is a chance of threats in several ways. We can classify such threats in to four types. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Intellectual property  threats:  Ã‚  Some browsers use the information personally from a website without permission of the website owner. For example, music downloads, software pirating  etc. To get rid of this problem website owners have to use secured authentication system 2.  Ã‚  Client computer threats:  Ã‚  Sometimes client computers may impose for electronic threats like  Trojan horse, viruses. Which enters the client computer without users knowledge, steal the data and destroy or crash the client computer. To avoid these types of threats we need to use good antivirus system which should be updated regularly. The website owners should implement a strong privacy policy.   3.  Ã‚  Communication channel threats: As internet allows anyone to send and receive information through many networks. Data may be stolen, modified by unauthorized users of hackers. Hackers can develop software to steal the user Identification and pass words as well. Spoofing is another major threat while data is being transmitted electronically.  Denial of service  is also one of communication channel threat, where hackers sends unlimited number of requests to the target server, which big number of requests may not be handled by the server. Obviously the genuine user will find websites of that server are always busy.  Ã‚   We can overcome the communication channel threats using public key encryption and private key encryption.  Ã‚  We can also use proper protocols to get rid of communication channel threats. Digital signatures are another way we can follow to minimize these kinds of threats. Where the actual message which we need to send is decrypted and bound with senders private key and a signature is added to that will be send to the receiver. The receiver uses senders public key and signature for decryption to see the actual message. 4.  Ã‚  Server threats: Denial of service is a major threat for the servers, where hackers generate a program which sends many requests from the client side that cannot be handled by the server. Spamming  is another important threat for the servers. To protect our server from the above threats we can use authentication for web access, digital signatures and firewalls. Firewalls check the incoming requests packets and if anything which does not match with the server related data, they simply reject those requests. Some of the tools to achieve the security they are encryption, firewalls, security tools, access controls, proxy systems, authentication and intrusion detection. HOW TO DEVELOP AN E-COMMERCE SECURITY PLAN: Perform a risk assessment Develop a security policy Develop an implementation plan Create a security organization Perform a security audit Firstly, security plan starts with risk assessment which means an assessment of the risks and points of vulnerability. Secondly, security policy is a set of statements prioritizing the information risks, identifying acceptable risk targets and identifying the mechanisms for achieving these targets where as in the implementation plan it will take to achieve the security plan goals. Thirdly, security organization educates and train users, keeps management ware of security threats and breakdown, and maintains the tools chosen to implement security. Lastly, security audit involves the routine review of access logs. MANAGING RISK IN E-COMMERCE: To be able to manage the risk in E-commerce first step is identify the risk factor whether it is intellectual property threat, communication channel threat, client computer threat  Ã‚  Ã‚  or server threat. Then we take a counter action against the relevant risk as explained above. If we dont do this regularly, E-commerce may mislead the customer because of the data stealing of modification. Customers and the website owners may lose valuable account numbers; pass words and other personal information. As E-commerce is worldwide, it could lead for the global loss for both customers and sellers. CONCLUSION E-commerce is a type of business model for a small or larger business that enables a firm or individual to conduct business using electronic media such as internet. In e-commerce, time plays a vital role in both the businesses and consumers. E-commerce  security is nothing but preventing loss and protecting the areas financially and informational from unauthorized access, use or destruction.  Due the rapid developments in science and technology, risks involved in use of technology and the security measures to avoid the organizational and individual losses are changing day to day.  In the e-commerce security, some of the issues to be considered in this issue they are digital signatures, certificates, secure socket layers, firewalls. To develop a security plan five major steps have to be considered they are risk assessment, developing security policy, implementation plan, create a security organization and performing a security audit. To reduce the risk from the Trojans, worms ev ery one should implement the security plan.

Symbols and Symbolism in Edgar Allan Poes The Masque of the Red Death

   "The Red Death had long devastated the country. No pestilence had ever been so fatal or so hideous. Blood was its Avatar and it seal - the redness and the horror of blood..." - Edgar Allan Poe (Regarding the plague of the Red Death) The plague Edgar Allan Poe spoke of in his short story The Masque of the Red Death was one of complete and utter misery that defaced whomever it struck. While this pestilence was surging throughout the country mentioned in the story, a man by the name of Prince Prospero decided to attempt to cheat death out of its cold and icy grip. He along with a group of the most elite of the time closed themselves in one of the Prince's abbeys to try to wait out the death that lurked everywhere outside the castle walls. Several months after their escape from civilization, Prospero held a masked ball for his friends, when to their utter horror, death made its way in and killed all of the masqueraders. Through this short story, Poe depicts the underlying theme that death is inevitable, and trying to escape it is one of the most futile actions one can do. By reading this piece, the reader gains a lot of insight into the way Poe's mind worked, and the events in his life that inspired him to write in the way that he did. Pieces Poe wrote, such as "The Masque of the Red Death," show the intertwined nature Poe's stories took with his real life situation. The most profound characteristic surrounding "The Masque of the Red Death" is the symbolism Poe incorporates into even the simplest of elements. Symbolism runs rampant throughout the story, and, to the unaware reader, these gems of Poe's character may be overlooked. The peculiar characteristic about the symbolism Poe depicts is that al... ...jority did not understand the amount of suffering that went into each and every word. Works Cited Bloom, Harold, et al. The Tales of Poe. New York: Chelsea House, 1987. Broussard, Louis. The Measure of Poe. University Of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1969. Burduck, Michael. Grim Phantasms: Fear in Poe's Short Fiction. New York: Garland, 1992. Dudley, David. "Dead or Alive: The Booby-Trapped Narrator of Poe's 'Masque of the Red Death.'" Studies in Short Fiction. Newberry College, vol. 30 Spring 1993. 169-174. Halliburton, David. Edgar Allan Poe: A Phenomenological View. Princeton University Press, 2015. Kesterson, David et al. Critics on Poe. Florida: University of Miami Press, 1973. Womack, Martha. "The Masque of the Red Death." Publisher: Christoffer Nilsson, 1997. Web. 4 June 2015. http://www.poedecoder.com/essays/masque/

Vertical Unfired Pressure Vessel Components Engineering Essay

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers was organized in 1880 as an educational and proficient society of mechanical applied scientists. After old ages of development and public remark, the first edition of the Code, ASME Rules of Construction of Stationary Boilers and for Allowable Working Pressures, was published in 1914 and officially adopted in the spring of 1915. The first Code regulations for force per unit area vass, entitled Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels, followed in 1925. From this simple get downing the Code has now evolved into the present 11 Section papers, with multiple subdivisions, parts, subdivisions, and compulsory and non-mandatory appendices. Almost all force per unit area vass used in the procedure industry in the United States are designed and constructed in conformity with Section VIII Division 1. In this undertaking, some general constructs standards related to ASME Code Section VIII are discussed. These include allowable emphasis, factors of safety, joint efficiency and force per unit area testing. The aim of this undertaking is to plan and analysis Unfired Vertical Pressure Vessel based on ASME Code Section VIII Division 1 and criterions. This undertaking merely concerned to plan chief portion of force per unit area vas like shell, caputs, noses and supports. The regulations in Section VIII Division 1 do non cover all applications and constellations such as planing leg supports. When the regulations are non available, another method must be used.Problem statementThe force per unit area vass that non follow any standard codifications can be really unsafe. In fact many fatal accidents have occurred in the history of their operation and development. They are many criterions and codifications that vary from state to state. The common criterions and codifications that have been used are ASME Boilers and Pressure Vessel Codes, API Standards, PD5500, British Standards, European Codes and Standards and other Intern ational Codes. Even though there are computing machine assisted force per unit area vas design available in the market, but due to concern benefit, the system may non be salable or pricey. In add-on the expression and constructs applied in the system are ever unknown by the users.Research rangeThis undertaking focuses on design and analysis of Unfired Vertical Pressure Vessel based on ASME Code Section VIII Division 1. Based on this codification, force per unit area vass are application for the containment of internal and external force per unit area up to 3000 pounds per square inch. This force per unit area could be obtained from an external beginning or by the application of heat from a direct or indirect beginning or any combination of them. The ASME Code is building codification for force per unit area vas and contains demands, specific prohibitions ; and non-mandatory counsel for force per unit area vas stuffs, design, welding and proving. To guarantee the aim of this undertak ing is achieved, some of the of import elements must be consider. There is: Planing chief constituents of Unfired Vertical Pressure Vessel by refer to ASME Code Section VIII Division 1 and criterions. Analysis of maximal stress value of chief constituents of force per unit area vas by finite component utilizing ANSYS package.Aims of UndertakingThe intent of this undertaking is to plan and analysis of Vertical Unfired Pressure Vessel based on ASME Code Section VIII Division 1. This research worker points two aims to be achieved at the terminal of this research. The aims are: 1. To plan Vertical Unfired Pressure Vessel constituents based on ASME Code VIII Division 1 and Standards. 2. To analyse maximal tantamount emphasis ( von-Misses ) , maximal shear emphasis, maximal distortion and safety factor in shell by finite component utilizing ANSYS package.Significance of surveiesThe undertaking will convey a great important non merely for the fertiliser industry but besides to the all the fabrication sector that used a assorted force per unit area vas for day-to-day operation. Nowadays, most the fabrication industry in Malaysia which used force per unit area vas for operational intent depends on their country of application. As a consequence, their operation, design, industry is regulated by technology governments backed up by Torahs. All force per unit area vass are manufactured with the maximal safe operating force per unit area and temperature. By finishing this undertaking, pupil will derive exposure to the ASME codification and criterions.Chapter 2.0LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThe force per unit area vass such as cylinder, grapevine or armored combat vehi cles are design and concept to hive away gas or fluids under force per unit area. The gas or fluid that being stored may be through alteration of province inside the force per unit area vas, for illustration instance of steam boilers or it might unite with other reagents, such as a chemical works. The force per unit area vass must plan with a perfect attention because cleft of force per unit area vass will do an detonation which may do of decease and loss of belongings. The stuff that be used to build force per unit area vass may be malleable such as mild steel or brittle such that dramatis personae Fe. In by and large, force per unit area vass and others storage armored combat vehicle such as hydraulic cylinders, gun barrels, pipes, boilers and armored combat vehicles are of import to the chemical, crude oil, petrochemical, atomic industries and so on. Chemical reactions, separations, and storage of natural stuffs ever occur in this category of equipment. By and large, pressurized equipment is required and been used for a wide scope of industrial works for storage and fabrication intents [ 1 ] .2.2 Types of Pressure VesselThe size and geometric signifier of force per unit area vass diverge greatly from the big cylindrical vass used for high-pressure gas storage to the little size used as hydraulic units for aircraft. Some of the vass are buried in the land or deep in the ocean, but most are positioned on land or supported in platforms. There are chiefly two types of force per unit area vass normally available in industry:Spherical Pressure VesselThis type of force per unit area vass are known as thin walled vass. This forms the most typical application of plane emphasis. Airplane of emphasis is a category of common technology jobs affecting emphasis in a thin home base. Spherical vass have the advantage of necessitating dilutant walls for a given force per unit area and diameter than the tantamount cylinder. Therefore they are used for big gas or liquid conta iners, gas-cooled atomic reactors, containment edifices for atomic works, and so on. Degree centigrades: Userszalie87Desktopspherical force per unit area vas 2.jpg Figure 2.1 Spherical Pressure Vessel [ beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //communities.ptc.com/thread/39900 ]Cylindrical Pressure VesselThis type of a vas designed with a fixed radius and thickness subjected to an internal pot force per unit area. This vas has an axial symmetricalness. The cylindrical vass are by and large preferred, since they present simpler fabrication jobs and do better usage of the available infinite. Boiler membranophone, heat money changers, chemical reactors, and so on, are by and large cylindrical. A C: Userszalie87Desktoppressure-vessel-500Ãâ€"500.jpg C: Userszalie87Desktopvertical_expansion_tank.gif Figure.2: Cylindrical ( Horizontal & A ; Vertical ) Pressure Vessel [ beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energyflowsystems.com/pv.htm and hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pumpsukltd.com ]2.3 Main Components of Pressure VesselThe chief force per unit area vas constituents are as follow:2.3.1 ShellThe shell is the chief constituent of any vass that contains the force per unit area. Material of shell usually come in home base or rolled steel. Commonly, some force per unit area vas shells has a rotational axis and be welded together to organize a construction. Most pressure vas shells are cylindrical, spherical, or conelike in form.2.3.2 HeadAll force per unit area vas shells must be closed at the terminals by caputs. Heads that normally used are typically in curved instead than level. Configurations of curving form stronger and allow the force per unit area vas ‘s caputs to be thinner, lighter and less expensive instead than level caputs. Inside a vas, caputs can besi des be used. Heads are normally can be categorized by their forms. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, torispherical, conelike, toriconical and level are the common types of caputs. Figure 2.3 shows assorted types of caputs. Ellipsoidal would be the most common type of caputs, which is used during the designing of a new force per unit area vas. [ 11 ] Figure 2.3: Typical Types of Heads [ beginning 11 ]2.3.3 NozzlesA nose is a cylindrical constituent that penetrates and mounts whether at the shell or caputs of a force per unit area vas surface. The nozzle terminals are by and large flanged. Flanges map is to let the necessary connexions. Flanges besides use to allow easy disassembly for modus operandis care or easy entree. Nozzles normally are used for the undermentioned applications [ 11 ] : Attach piping for flow recess or mercantile establishment of the vas. Attach instrument connexions such as degree gages, thermowells, or force per unit area gages. Provide entree to the vas inside at manholes. Provide for direct fond regard of heat money changer or sociable. Nozzles sometimes extended into the vas inside for some applications, such as for recess flow distribution or to allow the entry of thermowells.2.3.4 SupportThe type of support that is designed and used depends on the orientation of the force per unit area vessel whether horizontally or vertically. In any state of affairs, the force per unit area vessel support must be adequate to back up the applied weight and other tonss. Design force per unit area of the vas is non being considered in the design of its support because the support is non be pressurized. But, design temperature should be considered for support design. It should be considered from the position of stuff choice and proviso for differential thermic enlargement. Several sorts of supports are as follow [ 11 ] : Skirt This type of support by and large been used for tall, perpendicular, cylindrical force per unit area vass. This type of support is a cylindrical shell subdivision which is be weld either to the underside of the vas shell or to the bottom caput for the cylindrical vass. Skirt support for spherical vas is welded to the vas near the mid plane of the shell. The skirt is usually design long plenty to supply flexibleness so that radial thermic enlargement of the shell does non do high thermic emphasiss at its junction with the skirt. Leg Small perpendicular membranophones are usually supported by legs that are welded to the underside of the force per unit area shell. The maximal ratio of support provides for leg length to beat diameter is typically 2:1. The figure of legs is designed depends on the membranophone size and the tonss to be carried. Support legs are besides normally designed for spherical force per unit area vass. The support legs for little perpendicular vass and spherical storage vass usually made from high C stuff such as structural steel columns or pipe subdivisions, which provides a more efficient and perfect design. Saddle Horizontal membranophones are usually supported by saddle. This type of support divides the weight burden over a big country of the shell to avoid an unneeded emphasis in the shell at two different locations. The breadth of the saddle is considered by the specific size and design conditions of the force per unit area vas. One saddle support is usually fixed or anchored to its foundation. A typical strategy of saddle support is shown on Figure 2.2.4. Figure 2.4: Typical Scheme of Saddle [ beginning 11 ]2.4 Overall Design Procedure of Pressure VesselsPressure vass as constituents of a complete works are designed to run into assorted demands as determined by the interior decorators and analysts responsible for the overall design. The first measure in the design process is to choose the necessary relevant information, set uping in this manner a organic structure of design demands, as shown in Figure 2.5. Once the design demands have been established, suited stuffs are selected and the specified design codification will give an allowable design or nominal emphasis that is used to dimension the chief force per unit area vas thickness. Extra codification regulations cover the design of assorted vessel constituents such as noses, rims, and so on. Following these regulations an agreement of the assorted constituents are finalized and analyzed for failure. Most of the types of failure relevant to coerce vessel design are stress dependent and therefore it is necessary to guarantee the adequateness of the emphasis distribution and look into against different types of postulated failure manners. The proposed design is eventually iterated until the most economical and dependable merchandise is obtained. The functional demands cover the geometrical design parametric quantities such as size and form, location of the incursions, and so on. Some of these parametric quantities may hold to be fixed in coaction with the overall design squad, but in a bulk of state of affairss the force per unit area vas interior decorator acts freely on the footing of his or her experience. In the process in planing force per unit area vass, safety is the chief factor that must be consider, particularly for the high force per unit area works such as atomic reactor force per unit area vass, due the possible impact of a possible terrible accident. In general nevertheless, the design is a via media between consideration of economic sciences and s afety. The possible hazards of a given manner of failure and its effects are balanced against the attempt required for its bar. The ensuing design should accomplish an equal criterion of safety at minimal cost. Safety can non be perfectly assured for these two grounds. First, the existent signifier of lading during service may be more terrible than was anticipated at the design phase: unnatural, unpredictable tonss necessarily occur during the force per unit area vas ‘s life-time. Second, our cognition is rarely equal to supply a qualified reply to the break of stuffs, province of emphasis under certain conditions, and so on. It is true that although the cardinal mechanism of failure is non sufficiently understood, it is possible to set up preventative steps based on semi empirical methods. Following this line of thought, the force per unit area vass could be classified harmonizing to the badness of their operations since this will impact both the possibility of failure and its effects. These considerations lead to the categorization of vass runing from atomic reactor force per unit area vass at one terminal to belowground H2O armored combat vehicles at the other. The design factor used in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code1 is intended to account for unknown factors associated with the design and building of the equipment. The design expression and the emphasis analysis methods are by and large approximative and have constitutional premises. Typically it is assumed that the stuff is homogenous and isotropic. In the existent universe the stuff has defects and discontinuities, which tend to divert from this premise. Figure 2.5: Design ProcedureChapter 3.0Methodology3.1 OverviewIn this chapter, the information in choice of force per unit area vas is described and the application of selected force per unit area vas is been discussed. To plan of force per unit area vessel the choice of Code are of import as a mention usher to accomplish the secure force per unit area vas. The choices of ASME Code Section VIII div 1 are described. The criterion of stuff choice used are explains in this chapter. Beside of that, the design and analysis package to obtain the consequence are introduced. Alternatively of that, design procedure methodological analysis is besides described.3.2 General Design Considerations: Pressure Vessels3.2.1 MaterialsGeneral stuff demand have been described in paragraphs UG-4 through UG-15. There are some points that must be considered which is related to the general stuff demands that will be discussed below. [ 2 ] The chief factors of stuff choice that must be considered are [ 12 ] :StrengthStrength is a stuff ‘s ability to digest an imposed force or emphasis applied. Strength is an of import factor in the stuff choice for any peculiar application. Strength determines the midst of a constituent that must be to defy the forced tonss.Corrosion ResistanceCorrosion defines as the weakening of stuff by chemical reaction. Material ‘s opposition to corrosion is the most of import factor that influences its choice for a specific application. Stipulate a corrosion allowance is the common method that used to specify corrosion in force per unit area vass constituents.Fracture StaminaFracture stamina defines as the capableness of a stuff to defy conditions that could do a brickle break. The break stamina of a stuff can be determined by utilizing Charpy V-notch trial to specify the magnitude of the impact energy and force that is required to fracture a specimen.FabricabilityFabricability defines as the easiness of building and to any particular fiction patterns that are required to utilize the stuff. Normally, force per unit area vass use welded building. The stuffs used must be weldable so that constituents can be assembled onto the accomplished force per unit area vas. The force per unit area vas design codifications and criterions include lists of acceptable stuffs ; in conformity with the appropriate stuff criterions.3.2.2 Design and Operating TemperatureIn ASME Code Section VIII Div 1, upper limit and minimal design temperatures can be established in Paragraph UG-20. The maximal design temperature can be define as the maximal temperature used in vessel design and it shall non be lesser than the average metal temperature estimated under normal operating conditions for the portion that want to be considered. [ 3 ] The operating temperature is the gas or unstable temperature that occurs under the normal operating conditions. Before planing a vas, the operating temperature must be set based on the upper limit and minimal metal temperatures that the force per unit area vas may meet any state of affairs. [ 4 ]3.2.3 Design and Operating PressureDesign force per unit area of the vas can be established in Paragraph UG-21. In this paragraph, the demand of the vas to be designed for any terrible force per unit area and temperature that is coincidently expected in normal operation has been provided. When set up the maximal operating force per unit area, all conditions such as start-up, closure, and any identified disquieted conditions can be considered. Set force per unit area of the force per unit area alleviation device in an operating system must be above the operating force per unit area by a sufficient sum so that the device does non trip by chance. A vas must be designed to defy the maximal force per unit area to which it is likely to be subjected in operation status. Before planing a vas, the operating force per unit area must be set based on the maximal internal or external force per unit area that the force per unit area vas may meet. The design force per unit area is usually taken as the force per unit area at which the alleviation device is set for vas that under internal force per unit area. To avoid specious operation during minor procedure disturbances, usually the operation force per unit area is 5 to 10 per cent above the normal on the job force per unit area. The hydrostatic force per unit area in the base of the column should be added to the operating force per unit area if make up one's minding the design force per unit area. [ 2 ]3.2.4 Design Maximum Allowable StressMaximum allowable emphasis that have to be consider in planing a vas which be used for internal and external force per unit area has be describe in Paragraph UG-23. The allowable tensile emphasiss are tabulated in ASME Code Section II, Part D of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. In UG-23 ( a ) indicates that for stuff that has been identified as meeting more than one stuff specification, the allowable emphasis for the specification may be used and provided that all the restrictions of the specification is satisfied. In UG-23, standard for the maximal allowable longitudinal compressive emphasis to be used for cylindrical shells that are subjected to longitudinal compressive tonss besides have been provided. The first status is that the maximal allowable longitudinal compressive emphasis can non be greater than the maximal allowable tensile emphasis. The 2nd status is based on buckling of the constituent. In Paragraph UG-23 ( degree Celsius ) , the wall thickness of a force per unit area vas shell defined by these regulations and it should be determined and the induced maximal membrane emphasis does non transcend the maximal allowable emphasis value in tenseness has been stated. [ 2 ] Typical design emphasis factors for force per unit area constituents are shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.1: Design emphasis factors Property Material Carbon Carbon-manganese, unstained metals low metal steels Austenitic chromium steel steels Non-ferrous metals Minimal output emphasis or 0.2 per centum cogent evidence emphasis, at the design temperature 1.5 1.5 1.5 Minimum tensile strength, at room temperature 2.35 2.5 4.0 Mean emphasis to green goods rupture at 105 H at the design temperature 1.5 1.5 1.03.2.5 Thickness of shell under internal force per unit areaInformation and demand of thickness or maximal allowable force per unit area for a shell under internal force per unit area are provided in paragraph UG-27. The equations for circumferential emphasis which is the emphasis moving across the longitudinal seam for cylindrical shell are as follows [ 1 ] : or ( 3.2.5.1 ) Figure 3.1: Shell Under Internal Pressure For cylindrical shells for longitudinal emphasis which the emphasis moving across the circumferential articulations, the equations are or ( 3.2.5.2 ) T = lower limit needed thickness of shell, in. ( in the corroded status ) P = internal design force per unit area, pounds per square inch R = inside radius of shell under consideration, in. ( Corroded status ) S = maximal allowable emphasis from the applicable allowable emphasis tabular array in Section II, Part D E = Joint efficiency for welded articulations ( Table UW-12 ) , or the ligament efficiency between gaps ( UG-53 ) . For spherical shells, or ( 3.2.5.3 ) These equations are really simple. However, there are some related issues that must be discussed. These two equations are usually based on thin wall theory.3.2.6 Thickness of shell under external force per unit areaThe information and demand that used to plan shells and tubings under external force per unit area is given as a design burden is given in paragraph UG-28. The definitions for assorted geometries are diagrammatically shown in Figure 3.2.a ( Fig.UG-28.1 ) . [ 2 ] Figure 3.2.a: Diagrammatic Representation of Lines of Support for Design of Cylindrical Vessels Subjected To External Pressure ( Beginning: Fig. UG-28.1 of Section VIII Div. 1 of the ASME 2010 Code ) Figure 3.2.b: Maximal Arc of Shell Left Unsupported Because of Gap in Stiffening Ring of Cylindrical-Shell under External Pressure ( Beginning: Fig.UG-29.2 of Section VIII Div.1 of the ASME 2010 Code ) Stiffness ring that has been provided with uninterrupted around the perimeter of the vas is to defy external force per unit area. Between the ring and the shell, spreads have been allowed ; nevertheless, the ring has to be uninterrupted and the discharge of the spread is limited by Figure 3.2.b. The extra demands of UG-29 ( degree Celsius ) ( 1 ) through UG-29 ( degree Celsius ) ( 4 ) should be satisfy when the discharge of the spread between the ring and shell does non run into the Figure 3.2.b demands. [ 2 ]3.2.7 Formed HeadsInformation and regulations for the design of formed caputs are given in paragraph UG-32. The needed thickness of spheroidal caputs expression is given by or ( 3.2.7.1 ) D = diameter of the oval major axis Figure 3.3: Ellipsoid caput ( Beginning: 7 ) Other expressions to plan caputs are as given in UG-27.Ellipsoidal caputs has a ratio of 2:1 if at that place does non hold a major to minor diameter. The torispherical caput with the metacarpophalangeal joint radius requires a thickness for a equal to 6 % of the inside Crown radius and the inside crown radius equal to the outside diameter of the is given by [ 7 ] or ( 3.2.7.2 ) Where: L = inside crown radius of the formed caput Figure 3.4: Torispherical caput ( Beginning: 7 )3.2.8 Openings and SupportsWhen planing an gap in a force per unit area vas, there is a stress ensuing from the hole that is formed on the shell. This is similar to the classical emphasis concentration consequence of a hole in a home base that is loaded in grip. The codifications for support do non see loads other than force per unit area. Openings in shells should be round, egg-shaped, or obround. If the connexion is slanting to the surface of the shell, the egg-shaped gap in the shell will be used. The proof trial in Paragraph UG-101should is applied if the strength of vass with such gaps can non be determined. [ 2 ] There is no bound to the size of an gap that may be designed on a force per unit area vas. The gap and support regulations in paragraph UG-36 through UG-43 stated in ASME Code will be apply to gaps non transcending the undermentioned vas size. For illustration, vass of 60 inches inside diameter and less, the gap may be every bit big as one half the vas diameters, but non to transcend 20 inches. Then, for vass over 60 inches inside diameter, the gap may be every bit big as one third the vas diameter, but non to transcend 40 inches. [ 2 ]Design for Internal PressureThe entire transverse sectional or country of support A in any plane through the gap for a shell or caput under internal force per unit area that has been required shall be non less than A = dtrF + 2tn thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( 1 a?’ fr1 ) ( 3.2.8.1 )Design for External Pressure( 1 ) The support that capable to force per unit area ( external ) must be considered for gaps in individual walled vass must merely 50 % of that required in design for internal force per unit area, where tr is the wall thickness required by the regulations for vass under external force per unit area and the value of F shall be 1.0 in all external force per unit area support computations. [ 2 ] ( 2 ) The support required for gaps in each shell of a multiple walled vas shall follow with above information when the shell is capable to force per unit area ( external ) and with design for force per unit area ( internal ) above when the shell is capable to internal force per unit area, no affair there is a common nose secured to more than one shell by strength dyer's rockets. [ 2 ]3.2.9 NozzlesThe lower limit wall thickness of nozzle cervixs should be determined as given expression below. For entree gaps and gaps used merely for review [ 2 ] : tUG-45 = Ta ( 3.2.9.1 ) For other noses: Determine terbium. terbium = min [ tb3, soap ( tb1, tb2 ) ] ( 3.2.9.2 ) tUG-45 = soap ( Ta, terbium ) ( 3.2.9.3 ) where Ta = lower limit cervix thickness required for internal and external force per unit area utilizing UG-27 and UG- 28 ( plus corrosion allowance ) , as applicable. The effects of external forces and minutes from auxiliary tonss ( see UG-22 ) shall be considered. Shear emphasiss caused by UG-22 burdens shall non transcend 70 % of the allowable tensile emphasis for the nozzle stuff. tb1 = for vass under internal force per unit area, the thickness ( plus corrosion allowance ) required for force per unit area ( presuming E p 1.0 ) for the shell or caput at the location where the nozzle cervix or other connexion attaches to the vas but in no instance less than the minimal thickness specified for the stuff in UG-16 ( B ) . tb2 = for vass under external force per unit area, the thickness ( plus corrosion allowance ) obtained by utilizing the external design force per unit area as an tantamount internal design force per unit area ( presuming E p 1.0 ) in the expression for the shell or caput at the location where the nozzle cervix or other connexion attaches to the vas but in no instance less than the minimal thickness specified for the stuff in UG-16 ( B ) . tb3 = the thickness given in Table UG-45 plus the thickness added for corrosion allowance. tUG-45 = lower limit wall thickness of nose cervixs In Paragraph UG-45, the regulations for minimal nozzle cervix thickness have been provided. A nozzle cervix or any other connexion shall non be thinner than that required to fulfill the thickness demands for the tonss defined in paragraph UG-22. Except for manhole and other gaps that are provided merely for entree, extra demands of paragraph UG-45 may necessitate a thicker nose cervix. [ 2 ]3.2.10 Legs supportLegs supports usually are used to back up perpendicular force per unit area vas. Legs support can be made detachable from the vas. These supports can be bolted or welded to blast home bases. Leg supports design method is similar to that for bracket support. If the legs are welded to the shell, so the shear emphasiss in the dyer's rocket will be given by [ 2 ] : ( 3.2.10.1 ) Where, tW = Weld Height LW = Weld Length. These sorts of supports are suited merely for little and moderate force per unit area vass as there is a concentrated local emphasis at the joint. Figure 3.5: Leg Support3.2.11 Joint Efficiency FactorsThe strength of a welded articulation will depend on the type of articulation and the quality of the welding. The soundness of dyer's rockets is checked by ocular review and by non-destructive testing ( skiagraphy ) . The possible lower strength of a welded articulation compared with the virgin home base is normally allowed for in design by multiplying the allowable design emphasis for the stuff by a â€Å" welded articulation factor † J. The value of the joint factor used in design will depend on the type of joint and sum of skiagraphy required by the design codification. Typical values are shown in Table 3. Taking the factor as 1.0 implies that the joint is every bit every bit strong as the virgin home base ; this is achieved by radiographing the complete dyer's rocket length, and cutting out and refashioning any defects. The usage of lower joint factors in design, though salvaging costs on skiagraphy, will ensue in a thi cker, heavier, vas, and the interior decorator must equilibrate any cost nest eggs on review and fiction against the increased cost of stuffs. [ 2 ] Table.2: Maximum allowable articulation efficiency Type of articulation Degree of skiagraphy 100 % topographic point none Double-welded butt or equivalent 1.0 0.85 0.7 Single-weld butt articulation with adhering strips 0.9 0.80 0.65 In ASME Code Section VIII Division 1, joint efficiency factors influence the degree of scrutiny of articulations on force per unit area vas. The grade of scrutiny influences the needed thickness through the usage of Joint Efficiency Factors, E. This factor is sometimes referred to as Quality Factors or weld efficiencies serve as emphasis multipliers applied to vessel constituents when some of the articulations are non to the full radiographed. Basically, ASME Code Section VIII Division 1 vass have variable factors of safety and it depending on the radiographic scrutiny of the chief vas constituents articulations. For this undertaking, to the full radiographed longitudinal butt-well articulations in cylindrical shell use a Joint Efficiency Factor, E of 1.0. There are four joint classs require that have been identified in ASME Code Section VIII Division 1. They are classs A, B, C and D as shown in figure below. [ 2 ] Figure 3.6: Welded Joint Categories ( Beginning: 2010 ASME VIII Div1 )3.2.12 Corrosion allowanceThe corrosion allowance is the extra thickness of metal added to let for stuff lost by corrosion and eroding, or scaling. The allowance to be used should be agreed between the client and maker. Corrosion is a complex phenomenon, and it is non possible to give specific regulations for the appraisal of the corrosion allowance required for all fortunes. The allowance should be based on experience with the stuff of building under similar service conditions to those for the proposed design. For C and low-alloy steels, where terrible corrosion is non expected, a minimal allowance of 2.0 millimeters should be used ; where more terrible conditions are anticipated this should be increased to 4.0 millimeters. Most of design codifications and criterions available stipulate a minimal allowance of 1.0 millimeter. [ 2 ]3.3 Finite Element Analysis by ANSYSThis undertaking is set out to verify finite comp onent analysis, FEA when applied to coerce vessel design. Finite Element Analysis is a simulation technique. Function of this technique is to measure the behaviour of constituents, equipment and constructions for assorted lading conditions including applied forces, force per unit areas and temperatures. There are many complex technology jobs with non-standard form and geometry can be solved utilizing this analysis [ 5 ] . Consequences that can be achieve by this analysis such as the emphasis distribution, supplantings and reaction tonss at supports for any theoretical account. There are figure of scenarios can be done such as design optimisation, material weight minimisation, form optimisation, codification conformity and more by utilizing this analysis [ 10 ] . The finite elements analysis was performed utilizing ANSYS package. ANSYS widely used in the computer-aided technology ( CAE ) field in many industries [ 10 ] . ANSYS package helps applied scientists and interior decorators to build computing machine theoretical accounts of constructions, machine constituents or systems by using runing tonss and other design standards and to analyze physical responses such as emphasis degrees, temperature distributions, force per unit area and more. It permits an rating of a design without holding to construct and destruct multiple paradigms in proving. In this undertaking, the analysis will be test on cylindrical shell of the unfired perpendicular force per unit area vas to see the maximal distortion, maximal tantamount ( von-Misses ) and maximal shear emphasis of the shell ‘s stuff. Figure 3.1: Example of ANSYS analysis ; Maximum shear emphasis of Elliptical Head [ beginning 1 ] .Chapter 4.0RESULT AND ANALYSIS4.1 Design Data and CalculationTable 4.1: Pressure Vessel Design Data Design codification : ASME Section VIII Division 1 Type of vas : Vertical Inside diameter : 1300.0 millimeter Temperature Design : 70.0 A °C Operating : 30.0 A °C Pressure Design : 44 BarG Operating : 24.9 BarG Corrosion allowance : 3 millimeter Type of fluid : Natural gas Max. Liquid degree : Not applicable Radiography : Full moon Joint efficiency : 1.0 Type of caput : 2:1 Ellipsoidal Weight Empties : 4791 kilogram Operating : 4850 kilogram ( approximate )4.1.1 MaterialFor choosing stuff for building these force per unit area vas constituents, there are several regulations should be see that available in paragraphs UG-4 through UG-15. For this undertaking, stuff that will be usage is in C and low metal steel ‘s category which is SA-516-70. This type of stuff has been taking based on design force per unit area and design temperature because it is suited for moderate and lower temperature service applications. [ 2 ]4.1.1.1 Properties of MaterialTable 4.2: Properties of Material Material SA-516 Gr 70 Form Home plate Composition C-Mn-Si Tensile strength 552 MPa Output point 260 MPa Density 7.85 g/cm3 Melting Point 1510 A °C ( 2750 A °F )4.1.2 Design PressureRefer to ASME codification in paragraph UG 21, the design force per unit area is a force per unit area that is used to plan a force per unit area incorporating system or piece of equipment. With the design force per unit area, it is recommended for applied scientist to plan a vas and its constituents. Design force per unit area must 5-10 % higher than operating force per unit area, whichever is the higher, will carry through this demand. The force per unit area of the fluid and other contents of the force per unit area vas are besides considered. For this undertaking, design force per unit area is 44.0 BarG. [ 2 ]4.1.3 Operating PressureOperating force per unit area is a force per unit area that less than the maximal allowable on the job force per unit area at which the force per unit area vas is usually operated. Recommended value is 30 % below maximal allowable on the job force per unit area. [ 2 ]4.1.4 Maximum Allowable Stress ValueR efer to ASME codification in paragraph UG 23, the maximal allowable emphasis value that the maximal emphasis allowed in stuff that used to plan force per unit area vas constituents under this regulations. The allowable emphasis value for most stuff at design temperature is the lower 2/7 the minimal effectual tensile strength or 2/3 the minimal output emphasis of the stuff. For this undertaking, the allowable emphasis value is obtained from tabular array in ASME Code Section II ; Part D. Below is allowable emphasis value that simplified from the tabular array in subdivision II, Part D. [ 2 ] Material Metal temperature non transcending deg, F Maximum Allowable Stress, pounds per square inch SA-516 Gr 70 -20 to 650 17500 Table 4.3: Maximal Allowable Stress Value4.1.5 Thickness of Shells under Internal PressureT = PR per UG 27 ( degree Celsius ) ( SE- 0.6P ) = ( 44 x 10^5 ) ( 653 millimeter ) ( 1206.58 Bar ) – 0.6 ( 44 Bar ) = 24.35 millimeter 24.35 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 27.35 millimeter So, usage T = 28 millimeter Maximal Allowance Working Pressure, MAWP P = SEt per UG 27 ( degree Celsius ) R + 0.6t = ( 1206.58 x 10^5 ) ( 1 ) ( 28 millimeter ) 650 millimeter + 0.6 ( 28 millimeter ) = 51.98 Barrooms Stress, I?hoop = P ( R + 0.6t ) Et = ( 4.4 x 10^6 ) ( 0.650m + 0.6 ( 0.028 m ) ( 1 ) 0.028 m = 105.25MPa Stress, I?long = P ( R – 0.4t ) 2Et = ( 4.4 x 10^6 ) ( 0.650 m – 0.4 ( 0.028 m ) ( 2 ) 0.028 m = 50.19 MPa Factor of safety = I?yield I?hoop = 120.658 Mpa 105.25 MPa = 1.144.1.6 2:1 Ellipsoidal Head thicknessT = PD per UG 27 ( vitamin D ) ( 2SE-0.2P ) = ( 44 x 10^5 ) ( 1303 millimeter ) 2 ( 1206.58 x 10^5 ) ( 1 ) – 0.2 ( 44 x 10^5 ) = 23.85 millimeter 23.85 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 26.85 millimeter So, usage T = 28 millimeter H = D 4 = 1300 4 = 325 millimeter Maximal Allowance Working Pressure, MAWP P = 2SEt per UG 27 ( vitamin D ) D + 0.2t = 2 ( 1206.58 x 10^5 ) ( 1 ) ( 23.85 millimeter ) 1303 millimeter + 0.2 ( 23.85 millimeter ) = 44 Barrooms Stress, I? = P ( D + 0.2t ) 2 T = ( 4.4 x 10^6 ) ( 1.303 m + 0.2 ( 0.024 m ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 0.024 m ) = 119.88 MPa4.1.7 2:1 Nozzle and Flanges4.1.7.1 ( Inlet and Outlet )T = PR per UG 45 ( SE- 0.6P ) = ( 44 x 10^5 ) ( 152.4 millimeter ) ( 1206.58 x 10^5 ) – 0.6 ( 44 x 10^5 ) = 5.68 millimeters ~ 6 millimeter 6 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 9 millimeter So, usage T = 9 millimeter Length of pipe 12 † = 211.85 millimeter Flanges Based on slip-on Flanges – ANSI B16.5 300lbs Table 4.4: Slip-On Flanges – ANSI B16.5 300lbs for 12 Inch Nominal pipe size Outside diameter Overal diameter Inside diameter Flanges thickness Overall length Hub diameter Face diameter No.of holes Bolt hole Diameter of circle of holes 12 † 323.8 520.7 327.1 50.80 73.15 374.6 381.0 16 31.70 450.84.1.7.2 ( Manhole )T = PR per UG 45 ( SE- 0.6P ) = ( 44 x 10^5 ) ( 254 millimeter ) ( 1206.58 x 10^5 ) – 0.6 ( 44 x 10^5 ) = 9.47 millimeters ~ 9.5 millimeter 9.5 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 12.5 millimeter So, usage T = 12.5 millimeter Length of pipe 20 † = 252 millimeter Flanges Based on slip-on Flanges – ANSI B16.5 300lbs Nominal pipe size Outside diameter Overal diameter Inside diameter Flanges thickness Overall length Hub diameter Face diameter No.of holes Bolt hole Diameter of circle of holes 20 † 508 774.7 513.1 63.50 95.20 587.2 584.2 24 35 685.8 Table 4.5: Slip-On Flanges – ANSI B16.5 300lbs for 20 Inch4.1.7.3 ( Liquide Outlet )T = PR per UG 45 ( SE- 0.6P ) = ( 44 x 10^5 ) ( 25.4 millimeter ) ( 1206.58 x 10^5 ) – 0.6 ( 44 x 10^5 ) = 0.95 millimeters ~ 1 millimeter 1 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 4 millimeter So, usage T = 4 millimeter Length of pipe 20 † = 271.8 millimeter Flanges Based on slip-on Flanges – ANSI B16.5 300lbs Nominal pipe size Outside diameter Overal diameter Inside diameter Flanges thickness Overall length Hub diameter Face diameter No.of holes Bolt hole Diameter of circle of holes 2 † 60.3 165.1 62 22.30 33.20 84 91.90 8 19.10 127.0 Table 4.6: Slip-On Flanges – ANSI B16.5 300lbs for 2 Inch4.1.8 Leg supportFor planing leg support, there are no specific regulations or codifications that describes in ASME Code Section VIII Div 1. So, in this undertaking, the leg supports was designed based on available support that be designed for knock out membranophone by Petronas Fertilizer Sdn. Bhd.4.2 Detailss pulling by CatiaFigure 4.1: Unfired Vertical Pressure Vessel [ Please mention Appendix 1 ] Figure 4.2: Shell [ Please mention Appendix 2 ] Figure 4.3: Top Ellipsoidal Head Figure 4.4: Bottom Ellipsoidal Head [ Please mention Appendix 3 & A ; 4 ] Figure 4.5: Leg Support [ Please mention Appendix 5 ]4.3 Inactive Structural Analysis Result and DiscussionFrom the finite component analysis for all burden instances by inactive structural analysis utilizing ANSYS package, there are consequences are obtained.4.3.1 Inactive Structural Analysis of Shell with NozzlesDegree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.png Figure 4.6a: Entire Deformation of Shell with Nozzles The figure above shown the entire distortion of the shell with nozzle attached. From the consequences of analysis, it was observed that the maximal distortion occurred at the junction of force per unit area vas ‘s shell and the nose. The maximal distortion was 0.52119 millimeter. Degree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.png Figure 4.6b: Equivalent ( von-Mises ) Stress Based on figure above, the maximal emphasiss occurred at the nozzle cervix. The maximal emphasis value obtained is 141.28 MPa. The maximal tantamount emphasis obtained from the analysis was big than maximal allowable emphasis because of affiliated nose cervix due to sudden alteration in the shell geometry and the resulting of alteration in emphasis flow. Degree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.png Figure 4.6c: Maximal Shear Stress The figure above represented the maximal shear emphasis that occurs on the shell. There are colourss that represent the degree of emphasis that occur on the shell surface. The bluish colour indicate the country which the emphasis was lowest and the ruddy colour indicated the maximal emphasis occur while the force per unit area has been applied. Degree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.png Figure 4.6d: Safety Factor From the analysis of shell with noses attached, the minimal value of factor safety obtained is 0.85406. Because of some deficiency, the value of safety factor is rather low compared to theoretical value. It is because the maximal tantamount emphasis that been obtained was big than maximal allowable emphasis.4.3.2 Inactive Structural Analysis of Shell without NozzlesDegree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.png Figure 4.7a: Entire Deformation of Shell without Nozzles For the analysis of shell without nose attached, the consequence has been shown above. Compared with the old analysis on shell with the noses, the value of maximal distortion is less which is merely 0.33246 millimeters. Degree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.pngFigure 4.7b: Equivalent ( von-Misses ) Stress The figure shown supra is the consequence of equivalent ( von-Misses ) emphasis that occurs on the shell surface at about design force per unit area of 4.4 MPa. The ruddy colour represents the maximal emphasis which is 116.67 MPa. The maximal emphasis occurs at the underside of the shell. The maximal allowable emphasis for this shell is 120.658 MPa. So, the value obtained in this analysis was below than maximal allowable emphasis. It can be said that this shell was safe. Degree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.png Figure 4.7c: Maximal Shear Stress Based on figure above, the maximal emphasiss occur on the surface indoors shell. The minimal shear emphasis occurs on the top shell surface 16.272 MPa and the maximal shear emphasis value obtained is 61.08 MPa which is represented with ruddy colour. Degree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.png Figure 4.7d: Safety Factor From the analysis of shell without noses attached, the minimal value of factor safety obtained by computation is 1.14. The value of safety that obtained by this analysis is 1.03 because the maximal tantamount emphasis that be obtained is less than hoop emphasis in manual computation. So the per centum of factor safety between value from computation and analysis is approximately 9.6 % and it ‘s acceptable.Chapter 5.0Summary5.1 DecisionAs the undertaking is completed, it can be concluded that the aims of this undertaking are successfully done. This undertaking had lead to several decisions. However, major decisions are as below: From overall survey of ASME Code Section VII Division 1 in planing perpendicular force per unit area vas, it be said that the chief demand that used to plan this type of vas was be studied decently. Because of some deficiency of information is ASME Code such as regulations for planing leg support, the constituent had been designed merely based on available designed that widely used in industry. This undertaking merely focused on design demands in ASME Code, so the regulation for fiction and review did non be involved. From the analysis of shell with affiliated nose, the maximal distortion of the shell has been obtained. The distortion value was below the allowable deforming for the shell stuff. Then, the maximal tantamount emphasis ( von-Misses ) besides has been obtained over the maximal allowable emphasis. This was because of the geometry of the shell has been changed during nozzle attached. This job occurred besides because of the alteration is stress flow during the tonss has been applied. Because of over maximal tantamount emphasis obtained, the value safety factor had been affected. The value of safety factor obtained was less than 1 ; it might be non good plenty but it still can be considered. From the analysis of shell without nose, the maximal distortion is less than distortion in shell with affiliated nozzle analysis. Then, the value of maximal tantamount emphasis ( von-Misses ) obtained was less than maximal allowable emphasis. The value was approximated to the computation value at about 3.3 % . So, the value of safety factor obtained besides near to the computation value in term of maximal allowable emphasis per upper limit tantamount emphasis. Hence, the shell was in safe status when the operating force per unit area been applied. However, although the codification for design a force per unit area vas had been studied decently, some of information was non described in inside informations. So, this design was non excessively safe and good plenty for fiction. Many demands still had to be considered to do this design perfect. There were many codifications and regulations should be studied and understood decently. By the manner, as been stated earlier, this undertaking has achieved the aims and fulfills the demand of Final Year Project II.5.2 RecommendationApparently, in term of design regulations, there are many facets to looking farther betterment to hold a complete and perfects perpendicular force per unit area vas. The design codifications and criterions must be suitably revised to do certain the design is safe plenty. Because of deficiency of information from the ASME Codes Section VIII Division 1 in planing this force per unit area vas, some of the standards required can non be applied. Some of the information in ASME Code is confidential and need to inquire for their permission before used it. Sometimes engineer, interior decorator or organisation demands to purchase their codifications and criterions which are really expensive. There are others codifications and criterion in planing force per unit area vas available. There besides has package to plan force per unit area in the market. Possibly by utilizing others codifications and criterion or package may better the process in planing force per unit area vas

Baccalaureate Nurses vs. Associate Nurses Essay

Is having a Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing (BSN) better than an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN)? Why should nurses get a BSN? Many nurses ask themselves these questions. Hospitals are pushing for nurses to advance their education. If there is an ADN nurse and BSN nurse applying for the same position most likely the BSN nurse will receive the job before the ADN nurse because â€Å" the additional course work enhances the student’s professional development, prepares the new nurse for a broader scope of practice, and provides the nurse with a better understanding of the cultural, political, economic, and social issues that affect patients and influence health care delivery† (â€Å"American Association of Colleges of Nursing,† p.1). Different Education Routes for Nurses Diploma graduates, Associate graduates, and Baccalaureate graduates are the three education routes for licensures of Nurses. Even though all three programs sit for the same National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN), this exam verifies only â€Å"minimal competency to provide safe, basic care† (Haverkamp & Ball, 2013, p. 144). ADN vs. BSN Competencies Many say that Associate nurses are trained strictly on clinical skills, whereas Baccalaureate programs â€Å"emphasize evidence-based clinical practice and leadership through course work that includes research, statistics, population-based care, nursing management, and the humanities† (Haverkamp & Ball, 2013, p. 144). This meaning that, Baccalaureate nurses receive training that allows them to look at the whole picture, like why and how things happen and what they can do to prevent them. Associate nurses as a Member of the Health Care Team, â€Å"refer patients and their families to resources that facilitate continuity of care; health promotion, maintenance,  and restoration; and ensure confidentiality† (Texas Board of Nursing). Whereas a Baccalaureate nurse as a Member of Health Care Team, â€Å"use multiple referral resources for patients, families, populations, and communities, considering cost; confidentiality; effectiveness and efficiency of care; continuity and continuum of care; and health promotion, maintenance, and restoration† (Texas Board of Nursing). Patient Care Situation An example in the difference of education between Baccalaureate nurses and Associate nurses is shown here. The patient was admitted for Diabetic Ketoacidosis, not taking home medication because he was homeless and lacked health insurance. Nurse A, admitted this patient and cared for the patient for three days. On the third day the patient was to be discharged, keep in mind this patient came to the hospital because he is a Type 1 diabetic and was admitted for Diabetic Ketoacidosis and was not taking any of his insulin because he could not afford them. Upon Nurse A telling the patient he was going to be discharge the patient became irritated and started to become angry and stated â€Å"I am homeless, how am I suppose to pay for my medications that I need, and I will just come right back to the hospital because I won’t be able to take any of my medications.† Nurse A, being an Associate nurse thought to herself what am I suppose to do? Nurse A then stated to the patient â€Å"The doctor has discharged you so you are medically stable to leave.† Nurse A explained to the patient that the doctor wrote prescriptions for him to take and fill so that way the patient would have his medication. Again the patient stated â€Å"How am I suppose to pay for my medication if I am homeless and have no money.† Nurse A was stuck in what she needed to do. So during morning rounds with Case Management Nurses which carry a BSN, Nurse A expressed the patients concerns and their response was well let us take a look at every resource that we have and maybe we can voucher his medication for one month and possible sign him up for some type of health care that will help him with his insulin and other medications that he needed. The next thing the Baccalaureate nurse did was go into the patient’s room asked a variety of questions and came back out of the room and told Nurse A, that the patient qualifies for state health insurance and that she will work on the vouchers for his medication for a month. The Baccalaureate nurse explained to the Associate nurse that she would have to  go further up in the chain of command to get the medications vouchered. The Baccalaureate nurse also gave the patient resources that would help him with his troubles in life, examples were housing for the homeless, churches that donate clothes and food to the homeless. What if the Nurse had a BSN? If the nurse taking care of this patient had a BSN they would have started to collaborate with the Case Manager about vouchering his medications and helping him find health insurance upon admission. Examples of what the Baccalaureate nurse would do are: find resources for the patient for food, shelter and health insurance on the day the patient was admitted, or have made a case management referral. Whereas the Associate nurse was focused on treating the patients and the illness and verifying and following the doctors orders. This is an example of how a Baccalaureate nurse was able to apply leadership and critical thinking skills while the Associate nurse was unable to. The Associate nurse struggled with the situation that arisen on the day of discharge. For the three days the Associate nurse had the knowledge base to treat the patient illness; taking blood sugars, administering insulin and bringing the patient back to holistic level of wellness. Conclusion In conclusion, it is important for all nurses to further their education. Baccalaureate nurses can provide better care for their patients and educate their patients about their disease process in depth and use the resources available to all nurses. They are also able to provide better patient outcomes through their advanced knowledge. Baccalaureate nurses also have opportunities for career advancement in all sorts of different positions whereas the Associate nurses are most likely staying in patient care areas. Baccalaureate nurses can move up and work as Nurse Managers, Case Managers, Quality Management and Infection Control. The encouragement for all nurses to advance their education is a quality step in the right direction for delivering excellent and safe patient care. References American Association of Colleges of Nursing. The Impact of Education on Nursing Practice. (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education Haverkamp, J. J., & Ball, K. (2013, August). BSN 10: What is Your Opinion? AORN Journal, 98(2), 144-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aorn.2013.06.006 Texas Board of Nursing. (December 2011). Differentiated Essential Competencies of Graduates of Texas Nursing Programs. Retrieved from http://www.bon.texas.gov/about/pdfs/delc-2010.pdf

Social Phenomenon Cause by Apple Store and Its Products

Social Phenomenon Cause by Apple Store and Its Products Introduction Apple Incorporated is a leading firm in the computer industry with computers and software as its main products. The company was started by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976, and later on incorporated in the same year.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Phenomenon Cause by Apple Store and Its Products specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, the company’s main products include the iPad, iPhone, the iPod music store, and the iMac. Over the years, Apple has painstakingly embraced innovation and technology in the manufacture of high-end products that have given it a niche in the market. Consequently, Apple has gained global repute as a leading brand. Today, Apple is the most valuable brand in the technology industry having surpassed Microsoft (Miguel and Vance para. 2). This is indicative of one of the most stunning turnarounds in the business world in recent years, bearing in mind that the company had almost hit rock bottom a decade ago. Investors also value the Apple brand highly, and this is indicative of a significant cultural shift (Miguel and Vance para. 2). This means that consumer taste now shapes technology, as opposed to the needs of a business. The current research paper endeavors to examine the social phenomenon cause by Apple and its products. The paper begins by tracing the historical background of Apple and what caused the emergence of this social phenomenon. The influential players behind the success of Apple at its inception will also be assessed, along with tracing some of the historical events of Apple. Under the theoretical analysis section, the conflict, functionalist and interactionalist theories shall all be defined. In addition, the writer shall also attempt to link the three theories with the social phenomenon cause by Apple and its products.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your fir st paper with 15% OFF Learn More History Apple Incorporated is a global company that manufactures software, computers, and consumer electronics. The company’s main product lines include the iPhone, personal computers, and the iPod music store. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak started the company in 1976 (Wozniak para. 2). Although it was faced with marketing problems in the 1990s, over the years, Apple has embraced innovation in the manufacture of its various products to emerge a leading global brand. Apple Inc. identified a lack of creativity and innovation among its competitors in the market and sought to manufacture products that fulfilled this unmet need. For example, Apple II was different from similar products by key competitors such as the Commodore PET and TRS-80, in that it had an open architecture, in addition to its color graphics based on character cells (Wingfield para. 5). On the other hand, the Visicalc spreadsheet program installed on Apple II appe aled to the business world, thereby making it the desktop platform of choice. In addition, Apple II was also compatible with both the office and home, thereby appealing to many consumers. Steve Jobs is one of the individuals who have greatly influenced the history of Apple. During the 1970s and 1980s, Steve Jobs, former CEO and co-founder of Apple helped to change the direction of the computer industry. For example, he helped to introduce the PC era. Under his tutelage, Apple Inc launched graphical user interface in 1984 and since then, virtually all other computers have aped the technology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Phenomenon Cause by Apple Store and Its Products specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When he returned to Apple in 1997, Jobs once more altered the consumer electronics dynamics with the iPod, the iTunes, the iPhone, and the iPad. Steve Wozniak was also influential in the history of Apple, as t he other co-founder. He is credited with designing Apple II single-handedly in 1997. Following its success, this ushered in the age of modern day computer industry. Through his creative and innovative ideas, Wozniak has immensely influenced our everyday lives because now we have access to all the information that we need at our fingertips. Some of the significant events in the history of Apple include the first Apple I personal computer kit, built by hand in 1976. On January 03, 1976, Apple was incorporated. On April 16, 1977, Apple Inc introduced Apple II into the market. In May 1980, the Apple III was introduced. Four years later, the company launched Macintosh. In 19991, the company introduced the PowerBook, while the iMac was introduced in 1998. The first Apple retail store opened its doors on May 19, 2001 in Virginia, California (Bagnall 109). In 2003, Apple introduced the iTune store. Between 2007 and 2011, Apple launched the iPhone, the iPad, and iPad Touch. Theoretical Analy sis Conflict theory Conflict is a term used in reference to a situation whereby two or more individuals fail to agree on a given issue. Karl Marx has been defined as a conflict theorist and according to him human beings define themselves through conflict. Marx opined that regardless of one’s social-economic status or class, we cannot run away from our individual consciousness. Marx asserted that our history may be regarded as a class struggle hell-bent on the acquisition of wealth and as such, our consciousness is a reflection of our social group (Stark 87).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The conflict of socialism as postulated by Marx hinges on the assertion that socialism is inevitable, as well as on the doomed nature of capitalism and free enterprise. To him, socialism was the way out. Marx argued that individuals used their capabilities and labor to dominate the world and become what they are though the process of production. Production enables them to manufacture goods by utilizing the raw materials, labor, and machinery. Labor and capability enables leading firms to dominate the world. Currently, Apple is a leading global brand. This shows that the company has utilized its labor capability well and for this reason, the company has managed to dominate the world. Apple has also realised that the idea of free enterprise and capitalism are inevitable. Thus, the company has endeavored to utilize its human resources and raw materials to ensure they produce quality products. In addition, Apple has also opened outlets all over the world in order to maximize its sales. Apple products are of high quality and as such, they come at a premium compared to those of the competitors. However, Apple Inc has helped to revolutionarize the computer industry. The opening of Apple stores globally has helped to create thousands of jobs, thereby reducing the gap between the rich and the poor. Apple Inc has embraced the concept of free enterprise to extend its tentacles to virtually every corner of the world. By using specialized human resources, innovation and new product development concept, Apple Inc has managed to dominate the world as a global icon in the computer industry. Functionalist Theory Classical functional theorists are more concerned with social evolution. Emile Durkheim was a functional theorist who was more concerned with the ability of a group to survive in the absence of sound controlling institutions or centralized governments. Through his research studies, he sought to assess the ability of diverse segmented societies to eventually merge with others, ensuring solidarity by sharing systems of exchange and values (Forrest and Kaufmann 26). Functional theorists view societies as bounded, fundamentally relational and coherent constructs that functions just like our organs. As such, all cultural and social phenomena are regarded as functional in that they not only have â€Å"lives†, but also work together. Durkheim underscored the importance of division of labour in regulating the modern society. Individual tasks are very important because they aid in the establishment of value consensus. Consequently, people are able to share common goals, leading to proper functioning of societies. In trying to develop the work of Durkheim, Parsons identified four functional perquisites. They include goal attainment, adaptation, pattern maintenance, and integration (Forrest and Kauffmann 28). In the case of Apple Inc, the company has managed to maintain high quality products through constant innovations, research and development. As a result, Apple’s products have propelled the company to greater heights. Adaptation to the business environment is vital for the survival of a business. In 1981, Apple was the leading PC manufacturer but because the company ignored industrial changes, it was quickly overtaken by IBM (Fisher 66). Apple had also failed to use trade secrets and patents to protect its products, resulting in a re-engineering of Apple II products by competitors, who produced similar but cheaper products. This made it hard for Apple to compete in the market. In recent years however, Apple has responded to the market demands. Consequently, the company has diversified its product portfolio. For example, Apple has integrated hardware and software. In addition, the company’s technological improvements are characterized by unique design. In addition, some of its unique products such as the iPod, iTunes and iPhone have seen the company transcend beyond the computer industry barriers. Apple Inc has managed to become a leading global brand because of the working cohesion between the management and the employees. The same cohesion has also led to the manufacture of innovative products. Such cohesion is necessary especially in a cutthroat industry such as the computer industry. Apple Inc has like-minded employees and as such, the company has managed to maintain social order and in the process, ensure solidarity. Because Apple has turned into a complex organization, this has also complicated division of labor. Therefore, people have to be rewarded according to their contribution to their firm. The founding of Apple was a major breakthrough in the computer industry because it allowed for sharing of valuable information, knowledge, and experiences. As such, it can be seen as an aid towards the transformation of society from â€Å"primitive† to â€Å"advanced†, in line with the arguments held by Emilie Durkheim. Interactionalist Theory The interactionist theory is usef ul in explaining social dynamics. The theory explores the symbolic meaning of group-to-group, face-to-face, and individual interaction. Max Weber was an interactionsit theorist who endeavored to examine how individuals created ideas and made sense of the world through group memberships, social relationships, as well as discourse. Foucault was another interactionist theorist who theorized that by taking up routines, practices, and habits, people create their personalities and identities to turn into certain kind of individuals (Stark 89). The social phenomena that is Apple appears to uphold the arguments held by both Max Weber and Foucault in that the various products manufactured by the company also happen to be the tools for social interaction in the modern day information age. For example, Apple computers enable members of the society to interact via such social media as Facebook and Twitter. The iPad and iPhone products have also been manufactured with the main goal of facilitati ng human-to-human interaction. Accordingly, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, as well as the rest of the employees at Apple have helped to advance the interactionist theory. Conclusion Apple Inc has overtaken Microsoft as the most valuable brand in the technology industry. This is because the company has adapted to the business environment by giving preference to the tastes of the consumers, as opposed to the needs of the business. The social phenomenon that is Apple emerged when the company’s founders identified a lack of creativity and innovation among its competitors, forcing the firm to start manufacturing products that fulfilled the unmet needs. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak are two of the most influential individuals behind the success of Apple. Apple has utilized its labor capital well in the manufacture of leading products and software. In addition, the company has embraced the idea of free enterprise and capitalism, in line with Karl Marx’s conflict theory. As a socia l phenomenon, Apple also upholds the arguments by Foulcault and Max Weber on the interactionist theory. Bagnall, Brian. On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Variant Press, 2005. Print. Forrest, Baird and Kaufmann, Walter. From Plato to Derrida. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. Print. Fisher, Anne. â€Å"Americas Most Admired Companies†. Fortune, 157.5(2008): 65- 67. Miguel, Helft and Vance, Ashley. â€Å"Apple Passes Microsoft as No. 1 in Tech.†Ã‚  The New York Times 26 May 2010. Stark, Rodney. Sociology (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomas Wadsworth, 2007. Print. Wingfield, Nick. â€Å"Apple’s Lower Prices Are All Part of the Plan†. 23 October 2011. Wozniak, Stephen. Homebrew And how The Apple Came To Be. n. d. Web.

Exclusive college application essays

Exclusive college application essays Application essay Students always get nervous when they have to write college application essays. It is often very hard to choose an appropriate subject for this work. Moreover, a lot of difficulties occur with recounting ones experience. It is sometimes complicated to describe the events that have occurred in your life and show whether they have influenced you strongly or not. Discussing disputable social or political questions also causes a lot of problems for learners. The point is that they do not know how to cover the selected topic of such a work appropriately. It is essential to understand how to write a college application essay properly in order to get a high grade for it. If you need help with doing this assignment, you should ask experienced specialists for advice. Qualified experts such as ours are able to produce original papers on different subjects. Besides, they may give you handy tips on preparing college application papers. Draw your attention to the following points:Write succinct sentences.The members of the admission committee analyze a lot of application works every day. Even though these papers are not lengthy, the board still has to read a large number of pages daily. It is no secret that the admissions officers prefer easy-to-understand essays to the confusing ones. Therefore, you need to try hard to prepare an outstanding piece of writing. Remember to make a proper college application essay format. You should not exceed the word count indicated in the instructions.Present true facts.Remember that there is no need to prov ide false information about your achievements or awards. You should understand that not every person has to be as popular as celebrities. Thus, be yourself. In this case, it will be easier to express your thoughts when writing an application paper.Be unique.You should think what technique to apply to produce a fantastic work. When reading your paper, the committee should understand that you are the best applicant among the others. It does not necessarily mean that you have to talk about your hobbies or leisure activities. You should find something that makes you special. Perhaps you are an expert in particular college application essay topics. Surely, it is not easy to demonstrate your remarkable abilities and remain objective. However, if you manage to do it, you will succeed in completing this assignment.Stick to the point.Choose a particular subject and describe it fully when writing the paper. You should not start discussing several issues as it may confuse the board. If you sel ect a specific topic, you will know how to start a college application essay and end it reasonably. Mind the grammar.You should be very attentive when preparing your paper. Meticulous attention should be paid to spelling and punctuation. It is of key importance to put dashes, commas, colons, and other punctuation marks in their proper places. Remember to spell proper names correctly.Provide colorful details.Note that your paper should be like an interesting story. That is why you should present vivid examples to help readers understand your message clearly. If you mention your friends or relatives in the paper, you may use their names. It will make your work clearer. In this case, readers will see that you want to make your piece of writing more coherent, so that they can enjoy reading it. Remember that it is one of the most helpful college application essay tips.Present yourself as a sociable person.While being at college, you will need to communicate with students, professors, and other staff. Thus, when writing your work, you need to show that you are friendly. In case you face some difficulties at this stage, use college application essays. Therefore, you will see how to develop the main idea of the paper.Presenting jokes.When answering college application essay questions, you may describe humorous moments of your life or tell anecdotes. However, you should be cautious about it as the members of the committee may misunderstand you. Note that jokes may be even offensive. Thus, you should think twice before sharing them.Cover unusual topics.Some students write uninteresting application papers at all. You may discuss such standard subjects as art, religion, science, etc. Nevertheless, you need to perform detailed analysis of the chosen issue and produce an exclusive work. Remember that it is not enough to present your opinion about the chosen topic. You should provide powerful evidence to support your point of view. Do not be afraid to promote new ideas.Show that you are smart.It is understandable that the admission board always looks for open-minded and bra iny applicants. Thus, when writing college application essays, students need to show that they are interested in different subjects. When analyzing your paper, the committee should understand that you are ready to learn something new and useful, and want to take part in extracurricular activities.